It explores the principles of level design through the context and history of architecture. Level Design. In this book, veteran game developers, academics, journalists, and others provide their processes and experiences with level design.
Each provides a unique perspective representing multiple steps of the process for interacting with and creating game levels — experiencing levels, designing levels, constructing levels, and testing levels. These diverse perspectives offer.
Beginning PowerShell for SharePoint Follow Us! Latest Books. Articulate Storyline Essentials 18 June Beginning SharePoint Development 18 June Beginning SharePoint 18 June Popular Categories. Programmer-books is a great source of knowledge for software developers. The book has grown five- fold in length, immeasurably in depth, and is now packaged in a variety of formats designed for the changing informa- tion requirements of architects, their students, and their colleagues in the design and construction fields.
The col- lected editions are a chronicle of twentieth-century archi- tectural practice and reflect as well those times when progress has meant preservinq and hence respecting our architectural heritage. Generations of readers have benefited from this work, and we look forward to meeting the needs of generations to come. Since , this indispensable tool of the trade has been a resource in helping the AlA carry out its historic commitment to the architectural pro- fession and the public we serve by helping to bring order to this nation's building design standards.
What is remarkable about this work and the key, I believe, to its success has been the fact that Architectural Graphic Standards is the fruit of a thoughtful, cooperative process that makes every member of our industry an interested stakeholder. This book has empowered and inspired generations of architects to create a better built environment.
The collect- ed editions are a chronicle of the best architectural prac- tices of the twentieth century. Indeed, I would go so far as to make a claim that the very nature of modern practice is encapsulated in the pages of this splendid book. Eachchap- ter, each page, and each detail assists the architect in the design process from programming through construction. Everyone at the AlA and every practicing architect is indebt- ed to the founding authors, Charles George Ramsey, AlA, and Harold Reeve Sleeper, FAIA, for their leadership in cre- ating this catalyst for coherence and coordination in a his- torically fragmented industry.
Without it, modern practice would likely not be as advanced. In this edition, there are so many contributions from tal- ented AlA members and building design experts that it is impossible to acknowledge all of them here.
These men and women gave unselfishly and creatively so that the whole profession wili benefit from their knowledge and wisdom. Such generosity is at the heart of what it means to x be a professional. To that list, I would like to add the many individuals, firms, trade associations, professional societies, and manufacturers who have given this publication its auth- ority. Their contributions are credited throughout this book on the appropriate pages.
I would also like to acknowledge and thank three Insti- tute editors: Joseph N. Boaz, AlA sixth edition ; Robert T. John has led this project for the last quarter-century, defining the technical content essential to a new generation of architects.
Because of the collective wisdom and dedication of the Institute's editors, the basic principles of service to the industry that were set forth in the original edition continue to be advanced.
To each and every person associated with this special project I offer the words of Eero Saarinen, FAIA, who wrote in the foreword to the fifth edition: "Just as Vitruvius gives us understanding of the vocabulary of Renaissance archi- tects, so Architectural Graphic Standards will show the future the dizzying speed and expanding horizons of archi- tectural developments and practice in our time. Since AGS was first pub- lished in , more than a million copies of this comprehen- sive source of design data and details have helped shape twentieth-century buildings and cities.
With the tenth edi- tion, this influential volume, established by Charles George Ramsey, AlA, and Harold Reeve Sleeper, FAIA, will contin- ue into the next millennium as a trusted companion to all who seek its guidance and reference. Historically, the primary audience of AGS has been made up of architects, interns, and construction specifiers as well as civil, structural, and mechanical engineers and students in all these fields.
In addition, however, a very im- portant secondary market exists for AGS. This group is com- posed of general contractors, subcontractors, home build- ers, estimators, specialty contractorsfdevelopers, planners, landscape architects, interior designers, building code offi- cials, building owners and building engineers, construction trade associations, historians and preservationists, facility space planners, librarians, homeowners, and lawyers.
Since the publication of the sixth edition in , and under the care of The American Institute of Architects, AGS has generally been organized according to the principles of MasterFormat, which is published by the Construction Specifications Institute.
MasterFormat organizes construc- tion data and information into classifications based on build- ing trade or specialty, reflecting the assembly-line character of the modern construction industry. In the tenth edition, an effort has been made to conform even more carefully to the MasterFormat system.
As a result, most pages have new and improved page titles and section names. Chapters 2 through 16 conform to MasterFormat, while chapters 1, 17, 18, 19,20, and 21 contain sections that are compatible with or complementary to MasterFormat. The tenth edition of AGS is the largest and most im- proved edition to date in terms of growth and content. It consists of approximately 11, illustrations in twenty-one chapters.
Much of the core information, or about 50 percent of the book, has remained unchanged. The new edition has increased by It now has 1, content pages, as compared to the content pages in the ninth edition one of the largest increases in xi size for any edition yet. But in terms of real change, with revisions to old pages and new pages added, the book's growth in content is estimated to be about 63 percent.
For those who keep records, we have omitted ninth edition pages, revised pages, added new pages, and trans- ferred pages unchanged from the ninth edition. The ninth edition pages we have omitted constitut- ed about 26 percent of that edition. This process of weed- ing out has helped enrich the book by making room for new material. Most of the pages that were eliminated were out of date or determined to be of little interest to today's pro- fessional.
Because of the large number of new pages in this edition, I have not attempted to list them by name. Therefore, I encourage you to open the tenth edition and its CD-ROM product, located in the back cover of the book, and begin your journey. Today, both existing buildings and new con- struction must comply with ADA requirements for accessi- bility.
A special team of experts helped define and develop these new pages. Mazz, AlA; lawrence G. The publication of a major new edition of Architectural Graphic Standards requires the time, energy, and expert- ise of many people. I would like to thank all of the great people at Wiley, but especially Robert C. Garber, publisher: Joel Stein, editorial director; Robert J. Weiselberg, associate editor; and Jim Harper, editorial assistant, for their commitment to this immense and com- plex project.
I would also like to thank two very important players at Wiley who continue to shape the future and the very nature of this important work. At the AlA, I am delighted with the dedication of our pro- fessionals. My special thanks go to three important people who make things happen.
Vitullo, AlA, contributing editor. I am fortu- nate to have them as my friends and associates over three editions. I also want to thank Fred R. We are grateful for their important contributions. They made a wise decision in entrusting the future of their life's work to The American Institute of Architects, which has nurtured the book with great care and passion for its integrity.
As the standard bearer of Ramsey's and Sleeper's original vision, Graphic Standards is poised at the beginning xii of the new millennium, prepared for service for the next century and beyond. In conclusion, I want to express my deep appreciation to the AlA members and other contributors for their good efforts in the making of the tenth edition.
We honor them by acknowledging their contributions on the relevant page or pages, as well as on the acknowledgments page follow- ing the preface. Their valuable and inspired service to the Institute is a fine example of how the profession continues its undaunted support of Architectural Graphic Standards year after year.
John Ray Hoke, Jr. Two houses built early in the twentieth century in Pasadena, California, illustrate divisions present early in the previous century. The first, Greene and Greene's Gamble house, represents the apotheosis of hand craft, a contem- porary wooden temple on a hillside rubbed to near perfec- tion, as open and forthright as the capitalist family it served. Just down the hill, Frank Lloyd Wright sounds a more com- plex chord at La Minatura, a sophisticated example of mod- ular block construction, advanced for its moment, yet hint- ing at unresolved psychological forces.
The two residences represent radically different ideals, prescient of clashes that would follow in succeeding years. At the turn of the twenty-first cePl'tury, our own models seem to be virtual ones, a galaxyof computer-generated, bio- morphic shapes developed by architect Frank Gehry and his coterie. The cyber revolution seems to promise endless for- mal possibilities through easily calculated custom fabrication.
We have traveled far from Wright and the Greenes. Bom- barded by new information, which assaults us in an electronic torrent, we stand on an invisible divide with the sense that new ways of building are underway. Where can those of us concerned with shapingthe built environment turn for help? Throughout roughly two-thirds of the last hundred years, this encyclopedia of building convention and practice has offered succor and advice. Architectural Graphic Standards has been a repository of good ideas and a framework for constructing new ones; its content is singular, based on architecture's specific language, which is drawing.
Since , architects, engineers, and a host of others have turned to its pages as they would a knowledgeable mentor. The representations in Graphic Standards are ideal, not specific, meant to embody the best thinking and applications in universal settings, allowing the reader to tailor details to the real world. As a source of ideal principles, the book stands with other seminal antecedents, such as the work of Vitruvius from the first century BC; as a comprehensive resource, it compares to the work of Sir Banister Fletcher al- most two thousand years later, with a nod to Diderot andthe encyclopedists of eighteenth-century France.
Its clear drawings; charts and graphs, and now its digital bits, offer information on a mind-boggling range of issues that mirror the design and building process. It answers the question, "How do you do that?
Graphic Standards presupposes the interrelationship of parts to whole projects, a nineteenth-century notion articulated by Wright when he said, "The part is to the whole as the whole is to the part. Physical wisdom is represented in graphic ways. Throughout the millennia, humankind has recognized subtle changes in dimensions that make big kinetic or aesthetic differences.
Consider the lowly step. It remains to the architect to devise the actu- al stair, but all can appreciate the underlying facts.
You can read this book as social history as well. Sections on accessibility, ecology, town planning, and his- toric preservation all arose following specific movements in the larger civilization. Likewise, the exquisite renderings from earlier in this century, with their complicated analyses of shade and shadow, have disappeared: Software has ren- dered such knowledge almost arcane, as the electronic GPS system eclipsed dead reckoning.
However, the potential unlocked by the computer age only underscores our need for a resource like Graphic Standards. When all things are possible, we need to know what things are best.
Great freedom on the screen will be well-served by rock-solid craft and a knowledge of materi- als. The editors and contributors to this body of knowledge have, in a sense, created their own architecture with Archi- tectural Graphic Standards. It, and its complementary digi- tal version, form a structure of firmness, commodity, and delight.
Accessible and well-crafted, this sturdy and vast treasury of ideas allows us to study, adopt, and modify the accumulated wisdom of the past into our own new ideas. Thus armed, we step forward in time.
Both of these books, in different ways, helped usher in the era of Modernism and contributed to my amazing journey in architecture. Sixty-eight years later and ten editions complete. Architectural Graphic Standards, or as I like to call it, Graphic Standards, has quadrupled in size and immeasurably in depth of content, thanks to the dedicated work of its gifted editors, architects, and contrib- utors.
What's next, a Graphic Standards website? I can't think of another book published this century that has supported, taught, and delighted our profession as much as Graphic Standards. These ten editions are a chron- I xv icle of twentieth-century U. Furthermore, the book is one of the most unifying and focused reference works available in the world. I have always considered my Graphic Standards as important in design as is my pencil.
Every architect loves it, wears it out, and keeps it with- in arm's length. It is a combination of the Encyclopedia Britannica and the telephone book-or maybe it's the Whole Earth Catalog of architecture!
No architect can be without Graphic Standards, and with it every architect is empowered and equipped to practice architecture. Beasley, AlA Mark J.
Sekela, PE Kenneth D. Neil Rankins James W. Jaffe Michael A. Space and access charts are designed to accept the Therefore, use the To accommodate both men and women, it is useful at times to add a dimension of the large man to the corresponding dimension of the small woman and divide bV 2 to ob- tain data for the average adult.
This is the wav height standards evolve. Youth data are for combined sex. Although girls and bovs do not grow at the same rate, differences are small when compared with size variations. Pivot point and link systems make it easy to construct articulating templates and manikins.
Links are sirnpli- fied bones. The spine is shown as a single link; since it can flex, pivot points mav be added. All human joints are not simple pivots. Some move in complicated patterns like the roving shoulder. Reaches shown are easv and comfortable; additional reach is possible bVbending and rotating the trunk and bv extending the shoulder. Stooping to reach low is better than stretching to reach high. Shoes have been included in all measurements; allowance may need to be made for heavV clothing.
Sight lines and angles of vision givtn ill one place or another applv to all persons. The metric system of measurement has been included, since it is used in scientific work everywhere and is the most practical system of measurement ever devised. Millimeters have been chosen to avoid use of decimals. Rounding to 5 mm aids mental retention while being within the tolerance of most human measurements. Disabilities are to be reckoned as follows: 3. Environrnen- tal temperature range is Weights lifted without discomfort or excessive strain are Push and pull forces, like moving carts.
Noise above the following values can cause permanent deafness: 90 dB for 8 hr. B 4. Is Within Pelvic link. Sitting [iJ 00 I l]ill Dimensional notation svstern:. B 8. B O B 7. B 2BO B 5. B B6 7A 5. B lB5 7. OXe5 are measurements 3. Numbers outside boxes are Niels Diffrient, Alvin R.
Min 50 Foot Sroot It. S Numben cctsioe boxes are Alliin R. Double x 2 X Dimensional notation sY'tem:. Numbers outsIde boxes are Niels Diffrient. Alvin R. Numbers outsioe boxes are 25A 1. Occupant load generally is defined as the maximum capac- ity of a building or room given as the total number of people present at anyone time. For occupant loads, it is generally assumed that all areas of a building will be occupied at the same time, with some exceptions noted in specific codes.
For example. Most codes require that to determine multiple use building or area occupancies, the occupant load OU must be based on the use that produces the most occupants. For example, the occupant load for a school multiple use room, which will be used for classroom activities Ot.
If buildings or areas contain two or more separate occupan- cies, the overall occupant load is determined by computing occupant loads for various areas and adding them together for an aggregate occupant load. When calculating occupant load for areas with fixed seating in benches or pews, the number of occupants is based on one seat for each 18 in. In dining areas with booth seating, the number of seats is based on 24 in. Based on occupant loads and area uses, it is possible to determine the required num- ber of exits and the arrangement and sizes of exit compo- nents.
All three codes BOCA. Although specific definitions vary with each code, exits usually are considered to be con- tinuous and unobstructed means of egress to a public way and may include such building elements as doors, corridors, stairs, balconies, lobbies, exit courts, etc.
Elevators are not considered exits. Requirements for arrangement. Assembly areas 2-concentrated use without fixed seats : 7 net 7 net 7 auditoriums, bowling alleys3, churches, dance floors. Children's homes, homes for aged. UBC does not differentiate between net and gross areas. Occupant loads for assembly areas with fixed seats are determined by the actual number of installed seats.
USC classifies business areas as office occupancy. USC classifies industrial areas as manufacturing areas. Emilsson; Rippeteau Architects, P. UBC classifies mercantile areas as store-retail sales rooms. UBC considers storage and stockroom areas as storage occupancy sq ft per occupant. BOCA does not classify skating rinks separately from other assembly areas of less concentrated use 15 sq ft per occupant. SBC does not separate areas within skat- ing rinks. Stair Design 9 Stairways are an essential component in the circulation and egress systems of most buildings.
They are also the site of accidents resulting in approximately deaths and one million injuries requiring hospital treatment annually In the United States.
For these reasons, stairway design is strictly controlled by building regulations. The information on this and the following page on stair design summarizes -most common building code and access regulation requirements. Be sure to check local reg- ulations as welt. Verify that local codes are not more restrictive.
Consult the local building code. Intermediate ralls or balusters must be spaced so that a sphere of either 4 or 6 in. Guardrail designs with horizontal rails that are easily climbed are not recommended and, in some cases. For residential stairs. Treads must be slip resistant. The shape of nosings and risers must meet the requirements shown below.
Carpeting or other stair coverings should be applied securely and should not create a nosing radius greater than permitted. Access regulations in some localities require floor material strips of contrasting color located at the top approach to a stair and at the lowest tread. These markings are intended to aid the visualtv'imoaired in identifying the limits of the stair. The application of such markings may be appropriate even where not required. National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers, The Staircase.
Minimum tread depth requirements at the inside of the winders may limit the inside radius of the stair. Spiral stairs typically are permitted in single-family residences and for access to mezzanines of limited area in other building types. With certain tread depth restrictions, circular stairways are permitted in most build- ings.
Alternating tread stairways are permitted for some mezzanines and for access to rooftops. The use of fixed ladders is limited to access to restricted areas. However, tread and riser combinations that are less steep may be considered for exterior stairs. Consider testing life-size mock-ups of stairs of unusual proportions to verify their ease of use. Maintain minimum headroom of 6 It 8 in. Avoid flights with fewer than three risers to minimize tripping hazards.
The use of door alcoves is recommended to prevent stairway doors from obstructing the egress travel path. For prefabricated stairs. When considering metal pipe rails, do not confuse the nominal size by which pipes are specified with the actual outside diameter of the pipe. The outside diameter is larger than the nominal size. Handrails must be continuous on both sides of a stair. Ends of handrails must extend beyond the stair as shown above. The gripping portion of a handrail must be equivalent to a to 1y, in.
The accompanying diagrams summarize most handrail requirements for nonresidential stairs. For residential stairs not covered by ADA, most codes permit handrails on only one side of the stair, without top and bottom extensions.
In some cases a greater range of heights is also permitted. The ADA recommends but does not require additional handrails at lower heights where stairs are used by chil- dren. Read across to the riser sloping line, the: upward to read a riser of 8. This dimension is off the graph shown at left, which means tha- at least one landing must be inserted in the stair. Sele two flights of 10ft 1 'h in.
Looking for the hiqhes possible riser, read across to the riser sloping line before crossing the 7 in. Reading downwarc to the bottom horizontal axis, the optimum tread dimensior is 11 Y.! Building codes are updated regularly, so it is best to consul" the current copy of the applicable building code the SOC National Building Code. Th International Building Code will also offer a standard fc these dimensions when it is published in Stairs should be laid out in both plan and section.
The dl mensions shown on this page are samples only. Landings must be at least as wide as the stair. No single flight may rise more than 12 It 0 in.
In each flight, there is one more riser than tread. Handrails may project up to 3 Y. S9 mm into the required stairway width.
They must be continuous or the ends must extend beyond the top and bottom of the stair. Stairs serving areas of rescue assistance must have 4 It clear between handrails. Stairway doors must swing with the direction of egress travel and must not obstruct more than half of the required landing width at any point in the swing.
Wher fully open doors must not strike handrails including extensions and not project more than 7 in. See AGS page on areas of rescue assistance for more restrictive stair dimensioning requirements. NOTE Measure allowable head height at nosings. A fabricated steel tube serves as a one- piece stringer to which treads are bolted or welded.
Risers can be open or closed. Numerous finishes are available. For spiral stairs. Tread and platform materials: The most common materi- als are steel regular and galvanized , aluminum, and wood.
Steel and aluminum can be smooth plate, checker plate, pan type, and bar. A variety of hardwoods can be used. Refer to local and national codes for dimension and con- struction requirements and allowable uses. Riser height: 6Jh to 7 in. NOTE treads per circle. Riser height: 7Yzto 8 in. NOTE 12 treads per circle. Riser height: 8Yzto 9Y.! Johnson; Washington, D. Treads without nosings are acceptable provided that the tread is serrated or is of a definite slip-resistant design. Uniform color and texture are recommended for clear delineation of edges.
ANSI specifications recommend a minimum tread dimension of 11 in. Open risers are not permitted on stairs accessible to persons with disabilities. Beach and Annica S. The open webbing of the joists pro- vides a lightweight structure that is easily penetrated by mechanical systems.
The bottom chords of the joists are used for suspension of interior finishes, lighting fixtures, and air diffusers in finished areas, although they may be left uncovered. Masonry bearing walls and metal joist roofs are among the simplest and easiest to design and build. The relatively low cost of the system makes it attractive for speculative projects, as does the fact that contractors find this construction method familiar and easy to erect.
Retail commercial facilities usually require flexibility in lighting, partitioning, and mechanical systems and large expanses of column- and wall-free space; the envelope and structural systems chosen often reflect these demands.
The height to which masonry bearing walls can be built without resorting to lateral bracing is limited. Roof spans up to 60 ft can generally be accommodated. The spacing and depth of joists is related to the spanning capability of the roof decking material and the requirements for loads on the roof structure.
If the building owners will also be tenants, relatively fixed interior lighting and mechanical sys- tems may be planned. Otherwise, overhead and in-floor systems should be laid out for maximum flexibility. If the joist depth is insufficient to carry the ductwork, such equip- ment can be suspended from the bottom chord of the steel joist. Finished ceilings attached directly to the joist bottom chord are not only difficult to alter but must be designed to accommodate the high degree of deflection the roof assembly will experience.
Steel joists can be designed to cantilever beyond the edges of the bearing walls. Continu- ous horizontal bracing of both top and bottom joist chords is possible with spot-welded connections at each joist and with the ends of the bracing members anchored to a bear- ing wall; this type of system is well suited to seismic risk zones.
Principal advantages and characteristics: Bearing wall and bar joist roof building systems employ masonry walls bear- ing on a turndown slab on grade or conventional spread footings. The walls support a roof structure of open web steel bar joists, through which mechanical distribution sys- tems are threaded. Spans for J- and H-series open web joists generally may not exceed more than 20 times the joist depth, or more than 50 to 60 ft.
Long-span joists are available, as are a wide variety of special shapes. By nature, open web joists spaced at even intervals are best suited to relatively light, uniform loads; joists may be doubled or tri- pled to heavier, concentrated loads or may be combined with other steel framing for roof openings and rooftop mechanical equipment.
The roof deck may be pre- cast concrete plank, tongue and groove wood decking, or, more commonly, steel decking. Small openings in the roof area can be framed between joists by means of specially designed headers. The webs of joists must be aligned, and bearing walls with projections must be worked around.
Because beams running transverse to the joists may block the threading of piping, ductwork, and wiring, care must be taken that variations in the configuration of The examples encompass structural, envelope, mechani- cal, and interior systems.
In most examples one system usually structural or a pair of systems tends to dominate the integration potentials and priorities, clearly circumscrib- ing the prudent and possible uses of the other systems. The examples represent common and reasonable combina- tions and variations, but they are not the only possibilities within a given building vocabulary.
Each example includes a summary of the unique system features, a description of the system's most appropriate or particularly advantageous uses, and a discussion of the main opportunities and challenges for systems integration. The drawings stress the essential interconnectedness among design decisions, illustrating the design process as a fusion of the knowledge of many disciplines, each with an understanding of the value and import of the others' contri- butions.
Combining a wide range of common building technologies, the building systems presented on this and the following pages reflect basic approaches to design, construction, and use of materials in response to a variety of occupancy requirements. Such building systems embody key inteqra- tion issues that arise when components and subsystems are merged to produce complete buildings.
Principal advantages and characteristics: The concrete masonry unit CMU bearing walls are insulated on the exte- rior to take better advantage of the wall's thermal mass by placing. Lonq-span open web steel JOistroofs can deflect substantially, and the camber of the joists alone is often not sufficient to maintain the neces- sary slope to roof drains.
Richard J. This system keeps all wires and cables in the space below the finish floor gener- ally not less than 4 in. The steel and concrete in the floors are designed to act as a compos- ite diaphragm, providing a thin, lightweight structural ele- ment with or without an access floor. Heights can range from one to more than stories. System allows for off-site fabrication of frame components, easy shipping to site, and rapid assembly; cor- rugated steel deck becomes a working surface as soon as it is placed and provides torrnwork for concrete topping Principal advantages and characteristics: The envelope is structurally independent of the steel frame, providing flexi- bility in weight, size, and configuration of the envelope sys- tem.
Curtain wall units preassembled at the factory must be designed with shipping, storage, installation, and gen- eral handling in mind, emphasizing protection from damage at all stages.
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