Download Business Law 8th Edition Unlimitedbooks. Download Compensation Full Pages. Download Electronic Commerce Unlimitedbooks. Download Family Law Unlimitedbooks. Download Foundations of Marketing Read Books. Download Introduction to Algebra Read Books. Download Labor Economics Full Pages. Download Leadership Communication Unlimitedbooks. Meaning also requires the understanding the contexts of interaction. By context we mean the environment — physical or psycho-sociological environment in which the communication takes place.
Hence, we have symbolic representation only for things we experience in our environment — names are given to various experiences. Whorf-Sapir hypothesis Thus, language, which exists primarily as verbal and nonverbal codes, becomes an important part of communication. The verbal codes are the spoken and the written words while the nonverbal codes are all symbols that are not words.
So far, we believe you have gained some insights into the concept of communication — as a dynamic phenomenon, changing from time to time and never static. It is informal as can be seen from a child learning how to talk and formal in a child learning the rudiments of grammar. It is a process — having no easily defined beginning and end. Contexts of Communication The context of communication is a set of circumstance or a situation in which communication act takes place.
In the field of communication, four of such contexts are recognized. They are the intrapersonal, interpersonal, public and mass communication contexts. These we mean by types or contexts of communication. Thus, intrapersonal communication considers communication within oneself, while public communication involves the process of generating meaning in a situation where a simple source transmits a message to a number of receivers often range between 3 to 12 people, or more who give nonverbal and sometimes, question and answer feedback.
This kind of communication is recognized by its formality, structure and planning. Examples are lectures, convocations and religious services. On the other hand, mass communication is a context between a source and a large number of unseen receivers.
In this kind of context, there is always a mediator between the source and the receiver. The mediator is often in the communication technology such as television and radio. They are the channel and the method if distribution. Interpersonal communication context is the personal process of coordinating meaning between at least two people in a situation that allows mutual opportunities for both speaking and listening Pearson et al. Through interpersonal communication, people are able to establish relationships with others that include friendships and romantic relationships.
For example, messages sent and received over the Internet Yahoo! Dyadic and small-group communications are two subsets of interpersonal communication.
Dyadic communication or two-person communication context includes both formal and informal communication events such as interview with an employer or a lecturer; talks with friends and relative and various other interactions that may occur in a fact-to-face situation.
Small group communication is the interaction of a small group of people to achieve an interdependent goal Brilhart and Galanes, Small-group communication occurs in families, work groups, support groups, religious groups and study groups. Communication scholars agree that two people are a dyad and more than two people are a small group if they have a common purpose, goal or mission. However, disagreement emerges about the maximum number of participants in a small group. Some say small group communication takes place in setting of between three and twelve individuals creating a different set of interactions other than public and mass communication.
Rather than a mere assumption of what goes on in the process of communication, scientists over the decades have made frantic efforts at theorizing and modeling communication events. Hence, through this scientific approach scientists hope to make effective generalizations about the nature of human communication in the various contexts and equally make accurate predictions concerning the process and effects of communication. This becomes important considering the functional role of communication especially in the development of every facet of human society.
Thus communication theories and models provide insight into the intricate structures and components of communication and consequently introducing various patterns as to how studies on these structures and systems should be conducted. We have also drawn insights from Folarin and Severin and Tankard as well as recent online articles on the subject. In order not to make a repetitive effort of the subject, we have decided to summarize these theories and models in a schematic diagram and later comment on few important ones in turn.
It is important to state at this juncture that theories and models of communication are informed mostly by studies in the mass media. We have witnessed overlap in some of these theories and models, and how useful they are to various communication events are evident in these theories and models. This is our own summary model of theories and model of communication derived from earlier contributions on this subject.
Limited Effects e. The Normative theory seeks to locate media structure and performance within the environments in which it functions. According to Folarin normative theory helps to explain the ways in which societal communication rules impinge on mass media structure, conventions and performance, and highlight the consequences of non- convergence between societal communication principles.
The oft-quoted subsets of the normative theory are the authoritarian theory, soviet-communist theory, libertarian theory, and social responsibility theory. The Totalitarian or Soviet-Communist theory and the Authoritarian theory both stress a measure of government ownership and censorship of the press respectively, while the Libertarian and Social responsibility theories both advocate for private ownership of the media.
The other normative theory subsets are the democratic participant and development theories. The Social-Scientific Theory consists of generalizations derived from scientific methods of enquiry and analysis of mass media variables.
Prominent among this category are the various theories of media effects proposed after empirical studies into the effectiveness of communication process and apparatus just at the wake of technological advancement in Europe and North America between to for the first sets, and to s for the second sets. The periods to mark the birth of the Hypodermic Needle theory which has come also to be known as Inoculation model, Bullet Theory or Transmission-belt Theory as well as models depicting variables of the communication acts and the typical empiricist theories with appellations such as limited effects, moderate effects and powerful effects theories.
The periods between and late s to date also witnessed the emergence of various cultural effects theories and other theoretical developments. In brief, it is the idea that a speaker injects an audience with a message, as in one person sends a message and another person or persons receives it.
This shared concept in many communication theories is indicated in our summary model with the broken lines. This model allows for many general applications in mass communication. He implies that more than one channel can carry a message. Scholars have criticized this model for its oversimplification because of its too much emphasis on WHO, that is the communicator at the expense of the more important WHOM, the audience Ugboajah, However, its focus on the important aspects of communication makes it a worthy communication model.
With the addition of HOW, the model provides a working theory for the modern journalists in the 5W and H. Notice the broken line from working theory to process model in our summary model. The model provides insights into relationships within many forms of communication.
With the model, the communication process begins with the source selecting a message out of all possible messages. In oral speech, the source is the brain, the transmitter is the human vocal system while the signal is varying sound pressure traveling through the air the channel. The signal takes different forms depending on the communication systems. In radio and television the signal is an electromagnetic wave, while newspapers, magazines, and books use the printed word and illustrations as the signal on a page the channel.
In , she received the Warren I. Skip to main content. Toggle navigation. Sign In. Communication and Human Behavior by Brent Ruben and Lea Stewart: integrates up-to-date examples and research findings throughout, including persuasion, interpersonal relationships, organizational communication and leadership, 21 st century careers, useful information about Middle Eastern culture, contemporary social media use, and more. Brent D Ruben Brent D. Lea Stewart Ph. Related ISBN's: ,
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